智慧能源城市系列——智慧能源城市與能源互聯網

摘要：智(zhi)慧(hui)城(cheng)市是(shi)(shi)城(cheng)市未來的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展趨勢，智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)為智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)城(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展提供(gong)了基礎(chu)。城(cheng)市形式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)總是(shi)(shi)與能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)支持是(shi)(shi)分(fen)不開(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。城(cheng)市智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)心點是(shi)(shi)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展。本文的(de)(de)(de)(de)重點是(shi)(shi)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)城(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)水平。

1.什(shen)么是智能能源城市？

智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慧城市的(de)(de)(de)概(gai)念首先來自美國 IBM 公司 2008 智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慧地(di)(di)球的(de)(de)(de)概(gai)念11月提(ti)(ti)出(chu)。按照 IBM 公司的(de)(de)(de)定義(yi)，智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能地(di)(di)球包(bao)括以(yi)下三個特點(dian)：第(di)一(yi)，能夠感知(zhi)和(he)(he)衡量世界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)本質和(he)(he)變(bian)化；第(di)二，世界(jie)更全面地(di)(di)相互聯系；第(di)三，一(yi)切、過程和(he)(he)運營模式都更加智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能，實現(xian)更智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能的(de)(de)(de)洞察力(li)。智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慧地(di)(di)球的(de)(de)(de)核心(xin)是利(li)用新一(yi)代信息技術，以(yi)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)慧的(de)(de)(de)方式改變(bian)人類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)互動(dong)，提(ti)(ti)高互動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)清(qing)晰度、效率、靈活性和(he)(he)響應(ying)速(su)度，使(shi)政府、企業和(he)(he)公民能夠做出(chu)更明(ming)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)決策。IBM公司首席執行官彭明(ming)盛認為，智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能地(di)(di)球應(ying)該包(bao)括智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能醫(yi)療(liao)、智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能交(jiao)通(tong)、 智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能電力(li)、智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能食品、智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能貨幣、智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能零售、智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能基礎設施(shi)、智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能城市等。

其(qi)中，智(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)往(wang)往(wang)與(yu)數字城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)、感知城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)、無線城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)、智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)、生態城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)、低碳城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)等(deng)區域(yu)發(fa)(fa)展理念相交(jiao)叉。各行各業對智(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)概念的(de)(de)解(jie)讀往(wang)往(wang)根據(ju)其(qi)不同的(de)(de)行業有(you)自己的(de)(de)重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)。有(you)人(ren)認(ren)(ren)(ren)為關(guan)(guan)鍵在(zai)(zai)于(yu)技術應用，有(you)人(ren)認(ren)(ren)(ren)為關(guan)(guan)鍵在(zai)(zai)于(yu)基(ji)礎設施建設，有(you)人(ren)認(ren)(ren)(ren)為關(guan)(guan)鍵在(zai)(zai)于(yu)創新，有(you)人(ren)認(ren)(ren)(ren)為關(guan)(guan)鍵在(zai)(zai)于(yu)智(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)效應。根據(ju)不同的(de)(de)重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)，智(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)被廣(guang)泛定義。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)形態千變(bian)萬化，始終離不開能(neng)(neng)源的(de)(de)支持(chi)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)智(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)，核心點(dian)(dian)是發(fa)(fa)展智(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)能(neng)(neng)源。本文的(de)(de)重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)是智(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源水平(ping)，我們稱之為智(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)能(neng)(neng)源城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)。

智慧(hui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)城(cheng)的重(zhong)點是(shi)(shi)(shi)智慧(hui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)城(cheng) 能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)我們通常(chang)所說的智能(neng)(neng)(neng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)。智能(neng)(neng)(neng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的定義是(shi)(shi)(shi)：利用(yong)互聯網(wang)(wang)、物聯網(wang)(wang)等新一代信(xin)息(xi)技術實(shi)時(shi)監控、分(fen)析(xi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)生產(chan)、存(cun)儲、運(yun)輸和(he)使用(yong)，在大數據、云計算的基(ji)礎上進行實(shi)時(shi)檢測(ce)、報(bao)告和(he)優化，形(xing)(xing)成最佳狀態、開放、透明、分(fen)散、廣(guang)泛的自愿參與綜(zong)合管理體(ti)系(xi)，利用(yong)綜(zong)合管理體(ti)系(xi)獲得新的能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)生產(chan)和(he)利用(yong)形(xing)(xing)式。能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)互聯網(wang)(wang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)智能(neng)(neng)(neng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)實(shi)現的組織模式和(he)形(xing)(xing)式。

能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)互聯(lian)網的(de)概(gai)念在(zai)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)行業形成了廣泛的(de)共識(shi)，已成為促進能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)革命和確保(bao)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)持續供應的(de)重要因(yin)素。根據規模，可(ke)分為城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)互聯(lian)網和全球能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)互聯(lian)網。城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)互聯(lian)網可(ke)以理解為智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)血管與神經(jing)系統的(de)結合，為城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)和信息的(de)流通(tong)提供載體。城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)互聯(lian)網無(wu)疑應該通(tong)過城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)清潔、區(qu)域、智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)和互聯(lian)網轉型升(sheng)級來實現。

城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)能源(yuan)(yuan)互聯網的建設，將解(jie)決城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)能源(yuan)(yuan)和電力平衡的瓶頸，促進各種能源(yuan)(yuan)和電力轉化(hua)，提(ti)高(gao)清潔(jie)能源(yuan)(yuan)在供給側(ce)和消費側(ce)的比例，優化(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)能源(yuan)(yuan)結構(gou)，提(ti)高(gao)能源(yuan)(yuan)利(li)用效率，促進清潔(jie)能源(yuan)(yuan)的開(kai)發(fa)利(li)用，最終實(shi)現城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)能源(yuan)(yuan)消費的基(ji)本無(wu)碳(tan)化(hua)。

因此，可以(yi)說(shuo)，能(neng)源互聯(lian)網(wang)（特(te)別是(shi)城市(shi)(shi)能(neng)源互聯(lian)網(wang)）是(shi)促進城市(shi)(shi)快速穩定發展(zhan)、科技創(chuang)新、城市(shi)(shi)信息(xi)化(hua)發展(zhan)、創(chuang)造(zao)更(geng)好用戶體驗的(de)保障，最終實(shi)現智慧城市(shi)(shi)。

二、為什么(me)要建設智能能源城市？

2016年(nian)世(shi)界(jie)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)狀況報告（The World Cities Report）》指出，世(shi)界(jie)五(wu)分之一的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)口居住在目前(qian)(qian)排名前(qian)(qian)600的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)，對全球國內生(sheng)產總值的(de)(de)(de)(de)貢(gong)獻高達60%。據(ju)聯合國人(ren)口基(ji)金(jin)會介(jie)紹(shao)，到2030年(nian)，約66%或50億(yi)人(ren)口將在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)。全球人(ren)口超過(guo)1000萬的(de)(de)(de)(de)超級(ji)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)將從2016年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)28座增加到2030年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)41座。這(zhe)無(wu)疑會給城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)交通、食品(pin)供(gong)應、給排水和廢物管(guan)理以及(ji)最(zui)關(guan)鍵的(de)(de)(de)(de)能源供(gong)應帶來前(qian)(qian)所未有的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)力。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)人(ren)口的(de)(de)(de)(de)快速發(fa)展將是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)建設(she)和管(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)巨大(da)挑戰，但也是改善數(shu)(shu)十億(yi)人(ren)生(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要機(ji)遇。面對這(zhe)一挑戰，世(shi)界(jie)各地的(de)(de)(de)(de)工程師都在努力利(li)用各個層面，利(li)用各種數(shu)(shu)字(zi)智能技術，努力建設(she)智能城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)，解決未來的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)危機(ji)。

能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)是現(xian)代社(she)會發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)血液。作(zuo)為社(she)會進步的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動力，第一(yi)次工業革命和第二(er)次工業革命將(jiang)繼續(xu)推進。然而(er)，由于化石能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)枯竭和能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)面臨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)革命，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)利(li)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學管理(li)非常重要(yao)。通過建(jian)立智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)管理(li)體系，在能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)需求(qiu)側實施有效(xiao)、按(an)需的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)管理(li)和利(li)用(yong)(yong)體系，將(jiang)大大提高能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)利(li)用(yong)(yong)效(xiao)率，避免無效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)浪費(fei)。隨著互聯網(wang)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)快速發(fa)展、人工智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普及、新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)熟和儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展，有可能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)建(jian)立一(yi)個高效(xiao)、智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)管理(li)系統。

隨(sui)(sui)著分(fen)布式能(neng)(neng)源基礎設施的增(zeng)加(jia)，能(neng)(neng)源生(sheng)產結構越來越復雜，隨(sui)(sui)著城(cheng)市的擴張，用戶(hu)側能(neng)(neng)源曲線更加(jia)動態，能(neng)(neng)源數(shu)據無論(lun)是數(shu)量(liang)、類(lei)型還是動態隨(sui)(sui)機性，遠比傳(chuan)統能(neng)(neng)源時(shi)代(dai)，只有人力不能(neng)(neng)及(ji)時(shi)、有效、準確地判斷(duan)和控制分(fen)布式能(neng)(neng)源供需(xu)曲線，此時(shi)需(xu)要有效的輔助工(gong)(gong)具人工(gong)(gong)智能(neng)(neng)，做海量(liang)數(shu)據優化、分(fen)析(xi)、判斷(duan)、決策，而不是人腦發出指(zhi)令。因(yin)此，人工(gong)(gong)智能(neng)(neng)將在能(neng)(neng)源互聯網(wang)中得到很好的應用，以支持能(neng)(neng)源互聯網(wang)的發展。

　　在能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)互聯網(wang)(wang)的幫(bang)助下，人們(men)可(ke)以(yi)利用探測系(xi)統(tong)實時(shi)監控城(cheng)市電(dian)力數(shu)據(ju)，結合(he)大數(shu)據(ju)分(fen)析，通過智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)自(zi)動調節電(dian)力質量；利用新(xin)(xin)材料和新(xin)(xin)設計(ji)技(ji)能(neng)(neng)建造(zao)的智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)建筑(zhu)，結合(he)數(shu)字技(ji)術(shu)構建智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)社區，提(ti)高各種(zhong)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)統(tong)的效率，減(jian)少能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)浪費(fei)；屋頂(ding)太陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)池板、小型風力發(fa)電(dian)機、地熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)、新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)汽車和儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)構建智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)微網(wang)(wang)和城(cheng)市分(fen)布式能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)統(tong)，實現新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)自(zi)給自(zi)足。

能(neng)源(yuan)互聯(lian)網將實現新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)產業創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)、光伏、風(feng)電、地熱(re)、生物(wu)質(zhi)能(neng)等新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)，因地制宜地整(zheng)合到城市(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)結構中，利用(yong)智能(neng)系統準確(que)部署，彌補新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)隨時空變化的(de)不足，確(que)保新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)有效供應(ying)，為傳統能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)可持(chi)續利用(yong)提供保障。

能(neng)源互(hu)聯(lian)網的(de)關鍵技術有哪些(xie)？

能(neng)(neng)源互聯(lian) ** 鍵技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)包括但不限于(yu)新能(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、先(xian)進電(dian)力電(dian)子技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、先(xian)進儲能(neng)(neng)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、先(xian)進信(xin)息技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、需(xu)求響應(ying)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、微(wei)網技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，還(huan)包括關(guan)鍵設備(bei)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)和標準化技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)。

新能源發電技術

新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)包括風(feng)能(neng)(neng)、太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，如風(feng)能(neng)(neng)、太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)和生物質能(neng)(neng)。新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)包括各種(zhong)高效(xiao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、運行(xing)控(kong)制(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、能(neng)(neng)量轉(zhuan)換技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)等(deng)。在新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)方面，研究規(gui)模光伏發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)集熱發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、變速恒頻(pin)風(feng)力(li)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)、微型(xing)燃氣輪(lun)機分布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池功率調(diao)節技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、諧波抑制(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、高精度新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)預測技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)保(bao)護技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)轉(zhuan)換設備、資源(yuan)(yuan)深度利用(yong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、智能(neng)(neng)控(kong)制(zhi)和群(qun)控(kong)優化(hua)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)和綜合(he)優化(hua)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)。同時，結合(he)微型(xing)燃氣輪(lun)機發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、小型(xing)儲水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠等(deng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)，可以有效(xiao)利用(yong)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)，最大限度地減少新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)帶來的不穩(wen)定性。

先進的電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)子技(ji)術

先(xian)進的(de)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)子(zi)技術(shu)包括高壓(ya)(ya)、大(da)(da)(da)容(rong)量或(huo)小(xiao)容(rong)量、低損耗電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)子(zi)設(she)(she)備(bei)技術(shu)、控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)技術(shu)和(he)(he)新(xin)設(she)(she)備(bei)技術(shu)。以SiC、GaN以寬禁帶半導(dao)體材(cai)料(liao)為代表(biao)的(de)發現，使人類的(de)反向截(jie)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)超過20kV限制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)為可(ke)能。由(you)新(xin)型半導(dao)體材(cai)料(liao)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)新(xin)器(qi)件(如SiC和(he)(he)Si與半導(dao)體設(she)(she)備(bei)相(xiang)比(bi)，半導(dao)體設(she)(she)備(bei)具有開(kai)關(guan)損耗低、耐高溫、反向截(jie)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高的(de)特點，可(ke)能成(cheng)為新(xin)一代高壓(ya)(ya)、低損耗、大(da)(da)(da)功率電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)子(zi)設(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)主要組成(cheng)部(bu)分。 在控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)策略(lve)方面，由(you)于數字信號處理(li)器(qi)性(xing)(xing)能的(de)升級，系(xi)統控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)策略(lve)靈活多樣。各種非傳(chuan)統控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)策略(lve)，如模糊控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、神經(jing)網絡控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、預測控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)(deng)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)技術(shu)，能夠(gou)適應(ying)電(dian)(dian)網臨時(shi)過程的(de)復(fu)雜(za)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)策略(lve)，整合了(le)一系(xi)列(lie)軟(ruan)開(kai)關(guan)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方法、系(xi)統級并聯(lian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方法、重復(fu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、故障檢測等(deng)(deng)復(fu)雜(za)算法DSP大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)提高了(le)新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)子(zi)設(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)靈活性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)系(xi)統的(de)可(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)。

儲能技術先進

先進的(de)(de)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)包括(kuo)壓縮(suo)(suo)空(kong)氣儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、飛輪儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、超(chao)導儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、超(chao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、冷(leng)熱儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、氫儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、P2G等儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)；在物理形式上，包括(kuo)可(ke)用(yong)于大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網峰值調整和(he)頻率(lv)調整輔(fu)助服務(wu)的(de)(de)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)備，以(yi)及(ji)家庭、建(jian)筑和(he)公園級(ji)的(de)(de)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)模塊(kuai)。風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏等可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備的(de)(de)輸出功(gong)率(lv)會隨環境因素而(er)變化，儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)裝置可(ke)以(yi)及(ji)時儲存(cun)和(he)釋放(fang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量，保(bao)證供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)可(ke)持續性和(he)可(ke)靠性。超(chao)導儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)超(chao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)可(ke)有效改善風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)輸出功(gong)率(lv)和(he)系統(tong)頻率(lv)波動，實現(xian)平滑風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)輸出功(gong)率(lv)和(he)參與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網頻率(lv)控制的(de)(de)雙重目標(biao)；壓縮(suo)(suo)空(kong)氣儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠實現(xian)大(da)規模、長(chang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)儲存(cun)的(de)(de)儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)之一。儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技(ji)術(shu)和(he)新型(xing)節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)材料在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)中的(de)(de)廣泛應用(yong)，將對傳(chuan)統(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)的(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等環節產(chan)生根(gen)本(ben)影響，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力技(ji)術(shu)研發的(de)(de)關鍵方(fang)向。

先進的信息技術

先進的信息技(ji)術(shu)由智能(neng)(neng)(neng)感(gan)知、云計算和(he)大(da)數(shu)據(ju)分(fen)析(xi)技(ji)術(shu)組成，代表了能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)領域信息技(ji)術(shu)的發展方向。能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)互(hu)聯網開放平(ping)臺(tai)是(shi)利用云計算和(he)大(da)數(shu)據(ju)分(fen)析(xi)技(ji)術(shu)構建(jian)的開放管理和(he)服(fu)務軟(ruan)件平(ping)臺(tai)，實現數(shu)據(ju)收集、管理、分(fen)析(xi)和(he)互(hu)動(dong)服(fu)務功能(neng)(neng)(neng)，支持電力(li)交易(yi)、新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)配額交易(yi)、分(fen)布式(shi)電源(yuan)和(he)電動(dong)汽車充(chong)電設施監控和(he)運行維護(hu)、節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)服(fu)務、互(hu)動(dong)電力(li)、需求響應等新(xin)業務。

1)數(shu)(shu)(shu)字測(ce)量技術(shu)。 智(zhi)能(neng)感(gan)知(zhi)技術(shu)包括數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)感(gan)知(zhi)、采集、傳輸、處(chu)(chu)理、服(fu)務等(deng)。智(zhi)能(neng)傳感(gan)器獲取能(neng)源(yuan)互(hu)聯網(wang)中輸配電網(wang)、電氣(qi)化(hua)交通網(wang)、信息通信網(wang)、天然氣(qi)網(wang)的(de)(de)運行狀態數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)以及用(yong)戶側各種(zhong)網(wang)絡(luo)能(neng)源(yuan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)、分布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電源(yuan)和(he)微(wei)電網(wang)的(de)(de)運行狀態參數(shu)(shu)(shu)。傳感(gan)器數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)經過處(chu)(chu)理、收集和(he)分析，提供了改進的(de)(de)控(kong)制策略。IEC微(wei)信、IEEE1888等(deng)標(biao)準可作為數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)采集和(he)傳輸標(biao)準的(de)(de)參考。利用(yong)基(ji)于IPV6.開放式(shi)(shi)多服(fu)務網(wang)絡(luo)系統支持(chi)端(duan)到端(duan)業(ye)務，實現(xian)用(yong)戶與電網(wang)的(de)(de)互(hu)動，實現(xian)各種(zhong)智(zhi)能(neng)設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)即(ji)插即(ji)用(yong)。除(chu)智(zhi)能(neng)電表外，還(huan)支持(chi)其他(ta)非(fei)電表設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)無縫接(jie)入(ru)。

2)云計算技(ji)術。 云計算(cloudcomputing)計算資源(包括(kuo)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)絡、服務器、存儲(chu)、應(ying)用(yong)(yong)和(he)服務等(deng)。)可以通(tong)過網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)絡隨(sui)時隨(sui)地、按需、方(fang)便地獲取，提高其可用(yong)(yong)性，實現隨(sui)時、隨(sui)地、隨(sui)身的(de)高性能計算[46-47]。互聯網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)營(ying)銷技(ji)術包括(kuo)實現互聯網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)營(ying)銷的(de)電(dian)子商(shang)務平臺技(ji)術和(he)相應(ying)的(de)營(ying)銷模式；能源互聯網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)將支持B2B(business to business)、B2C(business toconsumer)、C2C(customer to consumer)利用(yong)(yong)互聯網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)強大(da)的(de)互聯能力，支持各(ge)種市場實體(ti)的(de)交(jiao)易活動，如發電(dian)商(shang)(包括(kuo)分(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)源和(he)微網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)運營(ying)商(shang))、網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)絡運營(ying)商(shang)、用(yong)(yong)戶、批發或零售電(dian)力公司(si)。

3)大(da)(da)(da)(da)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)分析技術。 大(da)(da)(da)(da)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)是指傳統數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)庫軟件工具在(zai)一定時間內無法提取、管理(li)和處(chu)理(li)其內容的數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju) ** 。管網安全監控、經濟運行、能(neng)源交易、用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)電能(neng)計量、燃氣計量、分布式電源、電動(dong)汽車等新負(fu)荷數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)的訪問將(jiang)遠大(da)(da)(da)(da)于智能(neng)電能(neng)表數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)。從大(da)(da)(da)(da)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)處(chu)理(li)過程來看，大(da)(da)(da)(da)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)關鍵技術包括：大(da)(da)(da)(da)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)采集、大(da)(da)(da)(da)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)預處(chu)理(li)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)存儲(chu)與(yu)管理(li)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)分析、大(da)(da)(da)(da)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)顯示與(yu)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)（大(da)(da)(da)(da)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)檢索、大(da)(da)(da)(da)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)可視化、大(da)(da)(da)(da)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)、大(da)(da)(da)(da)數(shu)(shu)(shu)據(ju)(ju)安全等。

需要響應技術

需(xu)求(qiu)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)是指用(yong)(yong)戶對電(dian)價或(huo)其(qi)其(qi)他(ta)激勵，改變用(yong)(yong)電(dian)方式。通過實(shi)(shi)施(shi)需(xu)求(qiu)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)，不僅(jin)可以(yi)在(zai)(zai)短(duan)時間內減少負(fu)荷需(xu)求(qiu)，還可以(yi)在(zai)(zai)未來一定(ding)時間內調整(zheng)負(fu)荷，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)峰值移動和(he)填充(chong)。除(chu)了相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的(de)技術(shu)支持外，該技術(shu)還需(xu)要制定(ding)相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的(de)電(dian)價政(zheng)策和(he)市場(chang)機制。一般來說，需(xu)要建(jian)立(li)需(xu)求(qiu)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)系統(tong)，包括(kuo)主站系統(tong)、通信網絡和(he)智能(neng)終端，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)電(dian)價激勵信號、用(yong)(yong)戶選擇和(he)執行信息(xi)的(de)雙向交互(hu)，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)用(yong)(yong)戶負(fu)荷自(zi)主可控的(de)目的(de)。在(zai)(zai)能(neng)源(yuan)互(hu)聯(lian)網中，優(you)化(hua)調度(du)各用(yong)(yong)戶側需(xu)求(qiu)響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)資源(yuan)將(jiang)提(ti)高能(neng)源(yuan)綜合利用(yong)(yong)效(xiao)率。

微能源網技術

微(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)(luo)是(shi)指(zhi)可以與(yu)公共能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)(luo)連(lian)接并獨立運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)社區或(huo)公園(yuan)、工(gong)廠和(he)(he)(he)學校的(de)(de)(de)微(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)(luo)。微(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)(luo)實(shi)現可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)清潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)、靈(ling)活方(fang)便的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)設施、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)(sheng)物質發(fa)電(dian)(dian)或(huo)氫能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)通過能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)路由器進入微(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)(luo)。各種(zhong)可再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)可由個人(ren)和(he)(he)(he)企業以多種(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)建(jian)設和(he)(he)(he)運(yun)營。當然，節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)服(fu)務模式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設和(he)(he)(he)運(yun)維微(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)(luo)應該是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)重點探索的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)。微(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)(luo)的(de)(de)(de)主體實(shi)現了電(dian)(dian)力(li)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)、電(dian)(dian)力(li)銷(xiao)售等(deng)業務的(de)(de)(de)整合。微(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)網(wang)將為綠色城(cheng)鎮化和(he)(he)(he)美麗鄉(xiang)(xiang)村建(jian)設樹立榜樣。微(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)網(wang)絡(luo)(luo)(luo)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)技術包括多能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)協調規(gui)劃、多能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)轉控制與(yu)管(guan)理、分布式(shi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)預測等(deng)。

標準化技術

能源(yuan)(yuan)互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)可由規劃設計、建(jian)設運(yun)營、運(yun)維管(guan)理、交易服務等標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)組成。能源(yuan)(yuan)互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)首先需(xu)要(yao)建(jian)立(li)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)，逐步推(tui)進(jin)(jin)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)建(jian)設。能源(yuan)(yuan)互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)涉及多種設備、系(xi)統和接口(kou)，首先是能源(yuan)(yuan)互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)開(kai)放平臺標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，包括接口(kou)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。 能源(yuan)(yuan)互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)涉及各種能源(yuan)(yuan)轉換(huan)、交易、服務和多元化市場(chang)實體(ti)(ti)。必須跟進(jin)(jin)相應的(de)技術標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)和能源(yuan)(yuan)貿易法規，以確(que)保(bao)能源(yuan)(yuan)互(hu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)的(de)正常運(yun)行。

參考資料：

能源互(hu)聯網發展及關鍵技(ji)術分析

智慧能源催(cui)生(sheng)城市(shi)能源精細化管理新機遇

中國(guo)智(zhi)慧能源產業發(fa)展報(bao)告-2014

· END ·

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